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A fitting is used in pipe plumbing systems to connect straight pipe or tubing sections, to adapt to different sizes or shapes, and for other purposes, such as regulating or measuring fluid flow. The term ''plumbing'' is generally used to describe conveyance of water, gas, or liquid waste in ordinary domestic or commercial environments, whereas ''piping'' is often used to describe high-performance (e.g. high pressure, high flow, high temperature, hazardous materials) conveyance of fluids in specialized applications. The term ''tubing'' is sometimes used for lighter-weight piping, especially types that are flexible enough to be supplied in coiled form. Fittings (especially uncommon types) require money, time, materials, and tools to install, so they are a non-trivial part of piping and plumbing systems. Valves are technically fittings, but are usually discussed separately. == Standards == There are certain standard codes that need to be followed while designing or manufacturing any piping system. Organizations that promulgate piping standards include: * ASME - The American Society of Mechanical Engineers * * A112.19.1 Enamelled cast iron and enamelled steel plumbing fixtures Standard, American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) * * A112.19.2 Ceramic plumbing fixtures Standard, American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) * ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials * API - American Petroleum Institute * AWS - American Welding Society * AWWA - American Water Works Association * MSS – Manufacturers' Standardization Society * ANSI - American National Standards Institute * NFPA - National Fire Protection Association * EJMA - Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association * CGA - Compressed Gas Association For example, pipes need to conform to the dimensional requirements of : * ASME B36.10M - Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe * ASME B36.19M - Stainless Steel Pipe * ASME B31.3 2008 - Process PipinG * ASME B31.4 XXXX - Power Piping The B31.3 / B31.4 code has requirements for piping found in petroleum refineries; chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, paper, semiconductor, and cryogenic plants; and related processing plants and terminals. This code specifies requirements for materials and components, design, fabrication, assembly, erection, examination, inspection, and testing of piping. This Code is applicable to piping for all fluids including: (1) raw, intermediate, and finished chemicals; (2) petroleum products; (3) gas, steam, air and water; (4) fluidized solids; (5) refrigerants; and (6) cryogenic fluids. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Piping and plumbing fitting」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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